Naturalization is the legal process through which a non-citizen acquires citizenship of a country after fulfilling specific requirements set by that country’s laws. In Canada, naturalization refers to the path by which a permanent resident becomes a Canadian citizen through application, rather than by birth or descent.
Naturalization generally involves meeting several key criteria:
- Permanent Residency: The applicant must be a permanent resident of Canada. Temporary residents, such as international students or visitors, are not eligible.
- Physical Presence: Applicants must have been physically present in Canada for at least 1,095 days (3 years) out of the last 5 years before applying. Only time spent as a permanent resident counts fully; some time spent as a temporary resident or protected person may partially count.
- Language Proficiency: Adults (ages 18 to 54) must demonstrate adequate knowledge of either English or French, Canada’s official languages.
- Knowledge of Canada: Applicants must pass a citizenship test covering Canadian history, geography, government, symbols, and rights/responsibilities of citizenship.
- Income Tax Filing: Applicants must have filed income taxes for at least three years within the qualifying period.
- Good Character: Applicants must not have certain criminal convictions or immigration violations, as these may delay or prevent naturalization.
Once these requirements are met, the applicant can submit a citizenship application, including the necessary documents and fees. After passing the test and meeting all eligibility criteria, they are invited to take the Oath of Citizenship—a formal pledge of allegiance to Canada and its laws—which marks the final step of becoming a Canadian citizen.
Naturalized citizens in Canada enjoy the same rights as Canadian-born citizens, including voting rights, eligibility for a passport, and protection under Canadian law. They also assume the same responsibilities, such as obeying Canadian laws and serving on a jury if called.
In contrast to citizenship by birth or descent, naturalization is a voluntary act that reflects a conscious choice to fully integrate into Canadian society. It’s a significant milestone that represents both legal recognition and personal commitment to a new national identity